LPG networks: what changes in the calculation compared with natural gas

Same flow law, very different gas: density above air, inverted altitude correction and steeper drops at equal volume.

A different gas, not a different formula

Piped LPG networks — typical of areas without natural-gas coverage, fed from a tank through a pressure-reduction group — are calculated with the same flow law as natural gas: the general flow equation with Colebrook-White friction. What changes are the gas properties, which enter the formula's terms:

The correct setup is therefore to declare the composition (propane/butane in the real supply fractions) and let density, viscosity and compressibility follow from it — not to apply «LPG table» coefficients devised for a different mixture.

The three practical consequences

1. Steeper drops at equal volume

In the pressure-drop law the relative density multiplies the loss: at equal volumetric flow an LPG loses about 2.5–3 times more than natural gas. The comparison rebalances at equal energy, though: LPG's volumetric heating value is in turn about 2.5–3 times that of natural gas, so the same power at the customers needs proportionally less volume.

2. Inverted altitude correction

LPG is denser than air: the altitude correction changes sign. Climbing, the gauge pressure decreases by about 0.06–0.08 mbar per metre (depending on the mixture) instead of increasing as with natural gas: on a hilly network the uphill customers are the penalised ones, and the minimum-pressure checks must be watched exactly there.

3. Low pressure with tight margins

Piped LPG networks typically run at low pressure downstream of the reduction: the limits of the low-pressure class apply — velocity within 5 m/s and a guaranteed delivery pressure (see the Italian pipeline classes) — with the twist that even modest elevation differences erode the margin from the «wrong» side.

Installation and safety aspects (tanks, distances, the density's behaviour in low points, ventilation) belong to the specific product and installation standards: this guide covers the network's hydraulic calculation only.

In the calculation engine

In Gasnetics LPG is a mixture like any other: pick the preset (propane G31, commercial mixture) or declare the composition, and the engine derives density, viscosity and compressibility, applies the altitude correction with the right sign and checks velocities and pressures per class. The automatic sizing picks the diameters on the same criteria as natural gas — on LPG's numbers.

Frequently asked questions

Does an LPG network need a different formula?

No: the flow law is the same as for natural gas — what changes are the gas properties. Relative density, viscosity and compressibility are computed from the propane/butane composition, and they enter the same terms of the general flow equation.

Why does the altitude correction reverse in LPG networks?

Because LPG is denser than air (relative density about 1.5 for propane, more with butane): the gas column weighs more than the outside air column, so climbing the gauge pressure decreases — the opposite of natural gas — by about 0.06–0.08 mbar per metre depending on the mixture.

At equal customers, does an LPG network lose more pressure than a natural-gas one?

At equal volumetric flow yes: the drop grows with relative density, and LPG's is about 2.5–3 times that of natural gas. But at equal delivered energy the comparison rebalances, because LPG's volumetric heating value is in turn about 2.5–3 times higher: less volume is needed for the same power.

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